International Trade An Essential Cog At Modern Day Business

I Introduction International trade has a timeline that dates back to the 19th century BC where the Assyrian merchant colony existed. Ever since, international trade has evolved more elaborate, more important, and has proved to become an essential cog to modern day business. It is for this reason that integral shipping agreements have been placed to mediate the responsibilities and liabilities between exporters and importers. There are different types of agreements that can be made that are preferred by the exporter/importer, but all with the purpose of reducing transactional confusion. This essay discusses the attractiveness of cost, insurance and freight (CIF) and free on board (FOB) contracts by comparing and contrasting their pros and†¦show more content†¦In the classic FOB framework, it is still the importer who nominates the shipping vessel, but then it is the exporter who remains a party to the contract of carriage until up until the moment s/he take out the bill of lading in the name of the importer. The additional services FOB framework, in essence is the reverse of the strict FOB framework. The exporter assumes responsibility for the nomination of vessel and contract of carriage and may take out the bill of lading in his/her name. The variations of FOB make it a more flexible option that some exporters may be inclined to choose. However there is more that needs to be discussed before one can come to conclusion. II Passing of Ownership and Risk for CIF and FOB Contracts Lord Wright stated that a CIF contract is â€Å"a type of contract which is more widely and more frequently in use than any other contract used for the purposes of sea-borne commerce. The exporter is obliged to obtain a bill of lading and insurance policy and send it to the importer along with an invoice for payment, where the buyer will pay upon receiving the documentation. In the case of Diamond Alkali v Bourgeois, McCardie affirmed that the only form of a correct transaction was if there was an on board bill of lading. His opinion stems from the Lickbarrow v Mason case where the on board bill of lading was aligned with the trade custom and so considered the bill of lading as a document of title at common law. However, if proved via

Maneging coral reefs Free Essays

Coral reefs are unique ecosystems of plants, animals, and their associated geological framework. The ocean equivalent of rainforests, they are home to 25% of all marine species, yet it is estimated that many of the world’s reefs will be destroyed or significantly damaged in the next 20 years because of the human and the physical damage put on to them. They grow in tropical seas in the photic zone, where there is mild wave action, not so strong to tear the reef apart yet strong enough to stir the water and deliver sufficient food and oxygen. We will write a custom essay sample on Maneging coral reefs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Coral reefs also need nutrient-poor, clear, warm, shallow water to grow. Human Threats to the Coral reefs Tourist There are a number of different human threats applied to the coral reefs, most of it which is caused by tourists. These activities are; * Snorkelling- Inexperienced snorkellers can trample corals with their flippers. The can also damage the corals by getting to close and resting on the reefs. * Boat trips- Cruses taking visitors out to the reefs are often careless when the drop their anchor. The anchor will crush the delicate corals with their weight. The water movements made by the boats travelling too fast will damage the corals the force applied to the corals underwater. When the boats get to close to the reefs, the hull tends to scrape past the corals, damaging them. * Boat hire- Tourist don’t tend to know the local water, so when they hire a boat, they usually run it aground on a reef. * Souvenirs- When tourists go snorkelling or scuba diving by the corals, they tend to pick corals for them to take home. Fishing It’s NOT always tourist how cause all the damage, but it’s also the fishermen. Their ways of catching fish is always a harm to corals. Their ways of fishing are; * Dynamite fishing- Some fishers in poor countries, who fish by the coral reefs, often drop dynamites or other explosive into the reefs. When it explodes, it drives the fishes out of the corals and stuns or kills them. This makes it easier to collect the fishes. The explosion can blow corals apart and can send shock waves to the coral which are further away. This is a danger to the fishes and corals. Small organisms, especially coral polyps, are killed by the cyanide in this process. It also provides a new set of dangers to the fishermen. * Metal Nets- When fishers use large mesh net to fish the corals reefs with, the corals get usually get stuck, and then get ripped off, when the boats drag the net behind them. Physical threats to the coral reefs There are also a number of physical threats applied top the coral reefs. They are; * Sea level- Global warming causes the temperature to rise by 1 or2 centigrade per century. It may not seem much, but it affects the sea because the sea level rises by 15-95 cm. A rise in temperature causes the icebergs to melt. The melted sea water is added to the sea, and makes the sea level rise. The means that the sea becomes deeper. If the sea becomes deeper, the corals will start to lack in sunlight. Corals need warm and shallow water. * Soil Erosion- When soil erodes, the soil usually ends up in a river, and then gets carried down to the sea. The soil can then be deposited on the corals. If this happens, the corals would be covered in sand, and they won’t be able to intake any sunlight. It is usually caused by poor use of land. * Climate change- Changes to the weather patterns can cause problems for the coral reefs. Hurricanes are now striking more and more frequently, and the have becomes stronger. This is all to blame on the global warming. Hurricanes can have a devastating impact on the coral reefs because of its increased wave energy. Sediments generated during storms can bury the coral communities. Ways to prevent human damages to coral reefs Tourist There might be a lot of human threats to the coral reefs which can damage them, but there are also a number of ways to prevent the damages which are caused to them. These ways are; * Snorkelling- Inexperienced snorkellers should need to take an experienced snorkeller with them. Like they do driving licences, they should do snorkelling licences. * Boat trips- When cruses take people to see the reefs, they can drop the anchors somewhere by the reefs, where there are no fishes or corals. The movements made by fast boats can be prevented by putting a speed limit by the coral reefs. * Boat hire- When tourists hire a boat, the hiring agency should give them a driver who knows the local water, to steer the boat around the coral reefs. * Souvenirs- Instead of tourist picking corals from the reefs, the government should pick dead corals, and sell the in gift shops. Fishing There are also ways to prevent damage cause by fishing, if we prevent fishing by the corals, the fishmongers will become bankrupt, and there would be much more poverty. But if we don’t prevent fishing by the reefs, in the years to come, the rare types of fishes will be extinct. The ways fishing can be prevented are; * Dynamite fishing- Dynamite fishing can be prevented is banned. If people still continue, there should be a watchman for the each reef, patrolling the reefs for any dynamite fishers. * Metal Nets- Instead of using large mesh nets, the fishers should use nets made out of roots and vines because corals won’t break and if the nets get stuck, the fishes can always eat them. Ways to prevent physical damage to the coral reefs The physical threats applied to the coral reefs are mostly caused by global warming. Most of it can be prevented if less CO2 is used, but there are many other ways to prevent these. They are; * Sea level- It is hard to prevent the sea level from rising, is still possible. This can be done if the amount of carbon dioxide produce is less than before. We can shorten the amount by using less energy, stop the usage of non-renewable fuels and use our cars less and less. * Soil erosion- Soil erosion can be prevented by planting more trees on the land. This will keep the soil together and prevent the soil from washing away when it rains heavily. * Climate change- Hurricanes and other powerful storm are nearly impossible to prevent. It wouldn’t be normal if they don’t strike, but reducing the amount of CO2 would help to reduce the speed of the storms. If the damage continues at the same rate as it is now, in the next few centuries to come, the coral reefs and their inhabitants would be extinct. In my opinion, the tourist industry is causing most of the damage. The coral reefs should be all made into a nature park, where tourist would have a guide to take them around the corals and tell them about the dangers of them being extinct. Fishing by the coral reefs should be banned by the government. If all these improvements are made, the fragile ecosystem would be around for the next generation of people to see them. How to cite Maneging coral reefs, Papers

Xrays of Natural vs Cultured Pearls Essay Sample free essay sample

Pearls have been one of the most beautiful and valuable constituents used in both simple and excessive jewellery pieces. There are pearls that are created by nature and cultured 1s which are semisynthetic pearls. Harmonizing to the Pearl Guide. the pearl is the â€Å"world’s oldest treasure. being prized an collected for 4000 old ages. † Cultured pearls were foremost made during the 1900s. Henry Ward said in an article entitled â€Å"History of Pearls. † that before this period. merely the highly affluent and baronial people entirely owned and wore natural pearls ( par 2 ) . It was in 1896 that Kokichi Mikimoto received patent for bring forthing civilized pearls. He worked with two other research workers in Japan: Tatsuhei Mise and Tokishi Nishikawa. How do pearls organize? Natural or â€Å"Oriental† pearls are formed from mother-of-pearl. a Ca carbonate substance that the molluscs secrete whenever a foreign object like a parasite enters the mollusk’s tissue. â€Å"Over a period of several old ages. We will write a custom essay sample on Xrays of Natural vs Cultured Pearls Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page this build-up of nacre signifiers a natural pearl† ( par. 1 ) . The pearls that signifier in the mantle of the molluscs are normally free-formed and in changing forms. The formation of natural pearls are said to be rare and are considered as one of nature’s fantastic accidents. Therefore. natural pearls are really expensive and valuable. Just last twelvemonth. â€Å"a dual strand of 68 perfect natural pearls known as the ‘Baroda Pearls’ was auctioned at Christie’s Auction House for $ 7 million. † Meanwhile. to organize civilized pearls. adult male intentionally inserts a foreign object in the mollusc so that it secretes nacre and signifiers pearl. Cultured pearls were ab initio hemispherical mabes and were non round. Harmonizing to Pearl Guide. Mikimoto discovered in 1916 a technique of leting formation of unit of ammunition pearls. This involves â€Å"tissue and bead interpolation into the sex gland of an akoya mollusc. † Richard Brown. in his article entitled â€Å"What are Real Natural Pearls† claims that â€Å"For a natural pearl to organize with a nice unit of ammunition or egg-shaped form. and be free of any defects. is really a real-life â€Å"miracle. † The odds of a perfect natural pearl are 1 in a million. † He mentions that one can separate the natural from cultured and fake pearl via Xray. The difference is that for natural pearls there are â€Å"concentric growing rings. † Natural pearls consist of all natural mother-of-pearls while the civilized 1s contain merely a thin bed of the said substance. There are several types of pearls depending on the oysters or molluscs they form into. Gemology Project enumerates these. as listed below: Pearls are now accessible to anyone but its value. form. size and quality are of a assortment. Pearls are a admiration and a â€Å"must† ownership. as they are created by a natural phenomenon ; though adult male assisted and in the procedure created perfect unit of ammunition shaped for civilized 1s. Plants Cited Brown. Richard S. â€Å"What are Real Natural Pearls? †2008. PGA Website. 30 Apr. 2008. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. p-g-a. org/pearls. hypertext markup language gt ; . â€Å"Pearl. †Gemology Project. 30 Apr 2008. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //gemologyproject. com/wiki/index. php? title=Pearl gt ; Ward. Fred. â€Å"The History of Pearls. † 1998. Nova. 30 Apr. 2008. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phosphate buffer solution. org/wgbh/nova/pearl/time. hypertext markup language gt ; â€Å"Natural Pearls. † 2008. Pearl-guide. com. 30 Apr. 2008. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. pearl-guide. com/natural-pearls. shtml gt ; .

The Contractual Model Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Contractual Model Essay, Research Paper The contractual theoretical account is the theoretical account in a professional client-relationship that shows the most trust within any of the professional-client relationships. For this theoretical account to work at that place must be a big sum of trust within the two parties since the picks are made jointly by each of them. There are many facets in which this is the theoretical account that is the most appealing for perspective clients. Other than the trust factor there are many other grounds that it is so appealing to them, such as the ability to believe in each other plenty to talk of topics that are of a more personal nature, which may non needfully hold to make with the topic that started the professional client relationship. The contractual theoretical account helps the client to retain some self-respect every bit good. While they are able to hammer this relationship with whomever, and whatever field the professional is in they are able to maintain some self-respect since within this field the client is involved in the determination devising. We will write a custom essay sample on The Contractual Model Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is non merely a casual ability to do determinations, the client truly has a say in the devising of the determinations, in the other theoretical accounts there may be some determination doing coming from both sides of the relationship but there is non the feeling that is traveling on between the two sides as there is traveling on during the contractual theoretical account. It is merely within the contractual theoretical account that the sharing of duty and ethical authorization, even though this is evident within this theoretical account it is non in all the others, this is one of the outcom Es of the relationship that is forged. The contractual theoretical account is most evident when looking at the field of medical specialty. It is much easier to hold both sides come to an understanding on the picks at manus than it would to make this within a field with out as many picks. It may look odd that the field with a apparently infinite figure of pills, physicians and sentiments would be the easiest to come to an understanding within the relationship, but one has to look at it in a different sense. With a field without many picks at that place may excessively big a spread between the ideas, demands and outlooks that are wanted between the two sides of the professional client relationship. In the field of medicne it is much easier to come to a comprimise since there are so many picks that can be looked at. Even though there may be a big disagreement within the relationship with all of the picks if the field it would be much easier to run into someplace in the center and come to a comprimise that both sides of the r elationship can be happy with. There are many grounds why the contractual theoretical account is the most appealing to perspective clients. Yet each of them falls back to the trust factor. If one is non able to swear its professional so it would do sever jobs within the full professional field. With the trust factor set in wholly there are many other facets that gain credibleness within the field from it. The contractual theoretical account is based on trust and other personal facets within the relationship that has been forged between the client and the professional.